reverberating circuits consolidate information D. research to continue to disentangle the effects of encoding versus retrieval specificity. conditions of recovery are similar to encoding conditions C. be-retrieved, consistent with the specificity principle of memory. I argue that this interpretation of the results is problematic because the Thomson and Tulving paradigm is confounded, and show in three experiments using a more appropriate design that encoding specificity manipulations do affect performance in forced-report cued recall. The encoding specificity principle says that information retrieval is improved when. Higham concluded that the manipulation affected monitoring and report bias, but not retrieval. Choose the letter of the correct term or concept below to complete the sentence. Specifically, the principle states that memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval. This best illustrates the importance of A) the encoding specificity principle. Under forced-report instructions, the encoding specificity manipulation did not affect performance. The encoding specificity principle of memory (Tulving & Thomson, 1973) provides an general theoretical framework for understanding how contextual information affects memory. Removing a rats hippocampus 48 hours after it learns the location of some tasty food does not prevent it from forming a long-term memory of where the food is located. The Encoding-Specificity Paradigm ( Tulving & Thomson, 1973) indicates that memory recall will be enhanced when contextual factors are congruent between memory encoding and memory retrieval (e.g., studying and taking an exam in the same room). He used this method to derive estimates of these aspects of memory in an encoding specificity experiment similar to that reported by D.M. Higham (2002) proposed a new way to analyze cued recall performance in terms of three separable aspects of memory (retrieval, monitoring, and report bias) by comparing performance under both free-report and forced-report instructions.
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